Total | Males and females | Without basic education | | 2.00 | 2.18 | 2.63 | 2.92 |
Basic education | | 2.19 | 2.56 | 3.16 | 3.45 |
General secondary education | | 2.53 | 2.99 | 3.54 | 3.89 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.64 | 3.05 | 3.65 | 3.95 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.76 | 3.15 | 3.68 | 4.06 |
Professional higher education | | 3.11 | 3.55 | 4.34 | 5.05 |
Academic higher education | | 4.47 | 4.87 | 5.48 | 6.27 |
Doctor's degree | | 7.01 | 7.36 | 7.92 | 8.79 |
Males | Without basic education | | 2.19 | 2.42 | 2.98 | 3.16 |
Basic education | | 2.47 | 2.96 | 3.65 | 3.92 |
General secondary education | | 2.95 | 3.56 | 4.25 | 4.59 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.06 | 3.56 | 4.26 | 4.54 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.36 | 3.86 | 4.48 | 4.82 |
Professional higher education | | 3.69 | 4.28 | 5.12 | 5.94 |
Academic higher education | | 5.39 | 5.81 | 6.57 | 7.39 |
Doctor's degree | | 7.61 | 7.96 | 8.64 | 9.28 |
Females | Without basic education | | 1.70 | 1.79 | 2.12 | 2.53 |
Basic education | | 1.76 | 1.95 | 2.37 | 2.68 |
General secondary education | | 2.13 | 2.44 | 2.88 | 3.21 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.10 | 2.34 | 2.80 | 3.12 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.35 | 2.65 | 3.10 | 3.47 |
Professional higher education | | 2.74 | 3.07 | 3.80 | 4.41 |
Academic higher education | | 3.82 | 4.20 | 4.71 | 5.48 |
Doctor's degree | | 5.83 | 6.35 | 6.58 | 7.93 |
Legislators, senior officials and managers | Males and females | Basic education | | 3.48 | 3.43 | 4.36 | 4.83 |
General secondary education | | 4.18 | 4.54 | 5.36 | 6.07 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.66 | 4.14 | 4.91 | 5.18 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.91 | 4.38 | 5.10 | 5.29 |
Professional higher education | | 4.24 | 4.83 | 5.79 | 6.39 |
Academic higher education | | 6.15 | 6.55 | 7.55 | 8.56 |
Doctor's degree | | 8.14 | 10.29 | 10.93 | 11.66 |
Males | Basic education | | 3.54 | 3.67 | 4.39 | 4.97 |
General secondary education | | 4.39 | 4.76 | 5.69 | 6.33 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.77 | 4.39 | 5.17 | 5.51 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 4.19 | 4.72 | 5.37 | 5.63 |
Professional higher education | | 4.55 | 5.37 | 6.09 | 6.73 |
Academic higher education | | 6.74 | 7.11 | 8.20 | 9.27 |
Doctor's degree | | 8.40 | 10.71 | 11.22 | 12.10 |
Females | Basic education | | 3.22 | 2.27 | 4.19 | 4.06 |
General secondary education | | 3.68 | 4.01 | 4.50 | 5.29 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.31 | 3.26 | 4.06 | 4.10 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.47 | 3.84 | 4.60 | 4.69 |
Professional higher education | | 3.70 | 3.90 | 5.28 | 5.69 |
Academic higher education | | 5.13 | 5.56 | 6.37 | 7.37 |
Doctor's degree | | 6.42 | 8.16 | 9.42 | 10.17 |
Professionals | Males and females | Without basic education | | | | | |
Basic education | | .. | .. | | |
General secondary education | | 4.03 | 4.19 | 4.82 | 5.21 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.02 | 3.72 | 3.74 | 4.20 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.14 | 3.32 | 4.01 | 4.72 |
Professional higher education | | 3.53 | 4.03 | 4.59 | 5.70 |
Academic higher education | | 4.28 | 4.81 | 5.31 | 6.15 |
Doctor's degree | | 6.95 | 7.03 | 7.48 | 8.30 |
Males | Without basic education | | | | | |
Basic education | | .. | .. | | |
General secondary education | | 4.32 | 4.56 | 5.19 | 5.76 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.91 | 4.50 | 4.38 | 4.85 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.25 | 3.57 | 4.54 | 4.92 |
Professional higher education | | 4.60 | 5.52 | 5.89 | 7.15 |
Academic higher education | | 4.97 | 5.72 | 6.26 | 7.12 |
Doctor's degree | | 7.48 | 7.52 | 8.10 | 8.68 |
Females | Without basic education | | | | | |
Basic education | | .. | | | |
General secondary education | | 3.69 | 3.82 | 4.46 | 4.79 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.06 | 3.43 | 3.49 | 3.95 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.09 | 3.23 | 3.75 | 4.60 |
Professional higher education | | 3.10 | 3.43 | 4.09 | 5.05 |
Academic higher education | | 3.95 | 4.38 | 4.85 | 5.69 |
Doctor's degree | | 6.01 | 6.32 | 6.49 | 7.73 |
Technicians and associate professionals | Males and females | Without basic education | | .. | 2.12 | 2.32 | .. |
Basic education | | 2.73 | 3.01 | 3.58 | 4.10 |
General secondary education | | 3.30 | 3.76 | 4.30 | 4.74 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.04 | 3.38 | 3.98 | 4.44 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.26 | 3.54 | 4.05 | 4.61 |
Professional higher education | | 3.33 | 3.57 | 4.37 | 4.71 |
Academic higher education | | 4.10 | 4.18 | 4.64 | 5.18 |
Males | Basic education | | 3.15 | 3.36 | 3.80 | 4.38 |
General secondary education | | 3.85 | 4.45 | 5.09 | 5.41 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.82 | 4.13 | 4.69 | 5.23 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 4.40 | 4.71 | 5.09 | 5.54 |
Professional higher education | | 4.35 | 4.38 | 5.27 | 5.43 |
Academic higher education | | 5.47 | 5.04 | 5.55 | 6.08 |
Females | Basic education | | 2.33 | 2.53 | 3.10 | 3.60 |
General secondary education | | 2.87 | 3.24 | 3.75 | 4.21 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.60 | 2.87 | 3.46 | 3.86 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.77 | 3.07 | 3.61 | 4.19 |
Professional higher education | | 2.94 | 3.25 | 3.94 | 4.38 |
Academic higher education | | 3.35 | 3.74 | 4.16 | 4.65 |
Clerks | Males and females | Basic education | | 2.22 | 2.43 | 2.99 | 3.30 |
General secondary education | | 2.47 | 2.77 | 3.37 | 3.69 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.32 | 2.81 | 3.15 | 3.37 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.38 | 2.68 | 3.08 | 3.50 |
Professional higher education | | 2.59 | 2.91 | 3.41 | 3.86 |
Academic higher education | | 2.99 | 3.14 | 3.58 | 3.92 |
Doctor's degree | | | .. | .. | .. |
Males | Basic education | | 2.27 | 2.86 | 3.67 | 3.82 |
General secondary education | | 2.84 | 3.55 | 4.26 | 4.59 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.94 | 3.47 | 3.98 | 4.02 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.01 | 3.74 | 4.37 | 4.77 |
Professional higher education | | 3.03 | 3.78 | 4.45 | 4.91 |
Academic higher education | | 3.27 | 3.71 | 4.32 | 4.78 |
Doctor's degree | | | | .. | .. |
Females | Basic education | | 2.20 | 2.18 | 2.61 | 3.00 |
General secondary education | | 2.36 | 2.58 | 3.17 | 3.46 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.12 | 2.58 | 2.89 | 3.16 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.24 | 2.50 | 2.89 | 3.26 |
Professional higher education | | 2.51 | 2.77 | 3.19 | 3.61 |
Academic higher education | | 2.91 | 3.00 | 3.43 | 3.72 |
Doctor's degree | | | .. | .. | .. |
Service workers and shop and market sales workers | Males and females | Without basic education | | 1.43 | 1.75 | 2.05 | 2.53 |
Basic education | | 1.72 | 1.86 | 2.30 | 2.66 |
General secondary education | | 1.94 | 2.24 | 2.60 | 2.92 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 1.86 | 2.13 | 2.50 | 2.97 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.02 | 2.33 | 2.71 | 3.01 |
Professional higher education | | 2.00 | 2.24 | 2.69 | 3.32 |
Academic higher education | | 2.19 | 2.41 | 2.67 | 3.29 |
Doctor's degree | | .. | | .. | .. |
Males | Without basic education | | .. | 1.89 | .. | .. |
Basic education | | 1.93 | 2.25 | 2.73 | 3.05 |
General secondary education | | 2.28 | 2.63 | 3.07 | 3.38 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.33 | 2.74 | 3.04 | 3.64 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.48 | 2.90 | 3.45 | 4.00 |
Professional higher education | | 2.21 | 2.69 | 3.17 | 4.23 |
Academic higher education | | 2.35 | 2.81 | 2.98 | 3.76 |
Doctor's degree | | .. | | | .. |
Females | Without basic education | | 1.42 | 1.69 | 2.00 | 2.51 |
Basic education | | 1.62 | 1.73 | 2.14 | 2.53 |
General secondary education | | 1.82 | 2.11 | 2.45 | 2.78 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 1.69 | 1.95 | 2.32 | 2.75 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 1.88 | 2.17 | 2.51 | 2.71 |
Professional higher education | | 1.94 | 2.05 | 2.50 | 3.07 |
Academic higher education | | 2.09 | 2.19 | 2.49 | 3.00 |
Doctor's degree | | | | .. | |
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers | Males and females | Without basic education | | 1.70 | 2.21 | 2.54 | 3.06 |
Basic education | | 1.92 | 2.28 | 2.82 | 3.28 |
General secondary education | | 2.11 | 2.48 | 2.72 | 3.20 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.16 | 2.51 | 3.39 | 3.29 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.24 | 2.71 | 2.98 | 2.99 |
Professional higher education | | .. | .. | 3.04 | .. |
Academic higher education | | 1.95 | 2.01 | 3.01 | 2.73 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Males | Without basic education | | 1.80 | 2.40 | 2.43 | 3.04 |
Basic education | | 1.92 | 2.25 | 3.05 | 3.59 |
General secondary education | | 2.16 | 2.52 | 2.69 | 3.38 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.33 | 2.65 | 3.99 | 3.57 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.41 | 2.77 | 3.28 | 3.13 |
Academic higher education | | 2.36 | .. | .. | .. |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Females | Without basic education | | 1.62 | 2.01 | 2.60 | 3.10 |
Basic education | | 1.92 | 2.31 | 2.67 | 3.05 |
General secondary education | | 2.09 | 2.46 | 2.74 | 3.11 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.02 | 2.41 | 2.92 | 3.13 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.02 | 2.65 | 2.78 | 2.83 |
Academic higher education | | 1.68 | 2.04 | .. | .. |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Craft and related trades workers | Males and females | Without basic education | | 2.32 | 2.71 | 3.27 | 3.56 |
Basic education | | 2.64 | 3.13 | 3.94 | 4.02 |
General secondary education | | 2.68 | 3.40 | 4.09 | 4.34 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.99 | 3.47 | 4.30 | 4.51 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.78 | 3.40 | 4.00 | 4.34 |
Professional higher education | | 2.77 | 3.41 | 4.13 | 4.58 |
Academic higher education | | 2.79 | 3.30 | 3.96 | 4.35 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Males | Without basic education | | 2.42 | 2.76 | 3.29 | 3.61 |
Basic education | | 2.79 | 3.27 | 4.12 | 4.18 |
General secondary education | | 2.96 | 3.71 | 4.47 | 4.70 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 3.22 | 3.68 | 4.53 | 4.71 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 3.07 | 3.67 | 4.28 | 4.61 |
Professional higher education | | 2.93 | 3.53 | 4.31 | 4.84 |
Academic higher education | | 2.96 | 3.45 | 4.04 | 4.57 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Females | Without basic education | | 1.85 | 2.17 | .. | .. |
Basic education | | 2.05 | 2.47 | 2.97 | 3.19 |
General secondary education | | 1.99 | 2.40 | 2.86 | 3.13 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.09 | 2.41 | 3.01 | 3.31 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.03 | 2.57 | 2.97 | 3.34 |
Professional higher education | | 2.22 | 2.94 | 3.17 | 3.33 |
Academic higher education | | 2.22 | 2.72 | 3.61 | 3.42 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Plant and machine operators and assemblers | Males and females | Without basic education | | 2.42 | 2.65 | 3.18 | 3.44 |
Basic education | | 2.47 | 2.94 | 3.60 | 3.95 |
General secondary education | | 2.54 | 3.03 | 3.61 | 3.86 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.71 | 3.14 | 3.68 | 3.90 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.74 | 3.18 | 3.89 | 4.06 |
Professional higher education | | 2.62 | 3.15 | 3.53 | 4.33 |
Academic higher education | | 2.58 | 3.09 | 3.42 | 3.90 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Males | Without basic education | | 2.50 | 2.63 | 3.22 | 3.44 |
Basic education | | 2.58 | 3.11 | 3.86 | 4.18 |
General secondary education | | 2.70 | 3.31 | 3.95 | 4.19 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.88 | 3.37 | 4.01 | 4.27 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.96 | 3.48 | 4.32 | 4.51 |
Professional higher education | | 2.84 | 3.42 | 3.90 | 4.87 |
Academic higher education | | 2.78 | 3.46 | 3.86 | 4.39 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Females | Without basic education | | 2.28 | 2.72 | 3.08 | 3.45 |
Basic education | | 2.08 | 2.43 | 2.82 | 3.15 |
General secondary education | | 2.20 | 2.51 | 2.91 | 3.15 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.21 | 2.53 | 2.87 | 3.01 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.30 | 2.57 | 3.02 | 3.21 |
Professional higher education | | 2.15 | 2.63 | 2.88 | 3.16 |
Academic higher education | | 2.33 | 2.66 | 2.88 | 3.17 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Elementary occupations | Males and females | Without basic education | | 1.48 | 1.54 | 1.87 | 2.21 |
Basic education | | 1.60 | 1.83 | 2.22 | 2.60 |
General secondary education | | 1.69 | 1.94 | 2.29 | 2.59 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 1.75 | 1.91 | 2.24 | 2.57 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 1.74 | 1.88 | 2.10 | 2.58 |
Professional higher education | | 1.66 | 2.04 | 2.07 | 2.28 |
Academic higher education | | 1.58 | 1.74 | 2.01 | 2.31 |
Doctor's degree | | .. | .. | | .. |
Males | Without basic education | | 1.54 | 1.66 | 2.13 | 2.39 |
Basic education | | 1.82 | 2.18 | 2.55 | 3.05 |
General secondary education | | 2.08 | 2.46 | 2.86 | 3.21 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 2.07 | 2.37 | 2.71 | 3.00 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 2.16 | 2.53 | 2.62 | 3.19 |
Professional higher education | | 2.11 | 2.62 | 2.52 | 2.57 |
Academic higher education | | 1.76 | 1.96 | 2.15 | 2.52 |
Doctor's degree | | | | | |
Females | Without basic education | | 1.42 | 1.42 | 1.67 | 2.00 |
Basic education | | 1.41 | 1.55 | 1.94 | 2.18 |
General secondary education | | 1.46 | 1.63 | 1.96 | 2.24 |
Upper secondary vocational education | | 1.48 | 1.63 | 1.96 | 2.28 |
Post-secondary non-tertiary education | | 1.50 | 1.60 | 1.87 | 2.24 |
Professional higher education | | 1.43 | 1.65 | 1.83 | 2.12 |
Academic higher education | | 1.44 | 1.59 | 1.90 | 2.18 |
Doctor's degree | | .. | .. | | .. |
Armed forces | Males and females | Without basic education | | .. | .. | .. | |
Males | | .. | .. | .. | |
Females | | | | | |
Basic education | | .. | .. | .. | |